For diseases that can transmit but also to the considerable annoyance that mosquitoes are the closely fought to the end, if not eradicate, at least to limit its population or simply to avoid mosquito bites.
In a proper balance socio-economic struggle is the only truly effective is the so-called "physics" based on the elimination of foci of proliferation when this is possible while respecting the natural ecosystems. If the physical struggle fails or can not be applied with good results larvicidal control methods ( Pest Control Mosquitoes ). The only seriously viable is based on the use of Bacillus thuringiensis, biological larvicide that the seventies is the main weapon in the fight against mosquitoes in the U.S. as in most European countries (most recently France, which has completely abandoned in 2005 the use of hazardous chemicals such as Bacillus thuringiensis temephos to move to adopting the method used by projects to combat mosquitoes in northern Italy). The fight is not adulticide currently no scientific or economic justification for the obvious difficulties of application, even on small scale and mainly because it involves the diffusion of toxic substances in the environment are not currently registered any product safe and effective for humans.
The following are some systems used (in the past) to combat mosquitoes: Changes
* habitat:
or elimination of stagnant water in small quantities (for example in the saucers) or contamination of facilities (for example with copper: acidity which, after long periods of time, copper develops water inhibits the hatching of eggs) or
Prohibition or regulation of agricultural practices that favor the proliferation of mosquitoes (eg, rice cultivation)
or rehabilitation of paludose
* Dispositivi meccanici:
o Zanzariere (anche impregnate con insetticidi)
o Ventilatori (le zanzare solitamente non amano le correnti d'aria)
o Uso di vestiti coprenti e a tinte chiare
* Repellenti:
o Dietiltoluamide (anche detta N,N-dietil-3-metilbenzamide, in sigla DEET): molto efficace, è il più utilizzato ed è in commercio da oltre 40 anni
o Etilesanediolo
o Etinilesandiolo
o Dimetilftalato (DMP)
o Olio di citronella
o Nepetalactone (estratta dalla Nepeta cataria)
o Picaridina (KBR 3023): molecola molto recent and comparable efficacy to DEET
* Insecticides:
or chemical larvicide (not being selective cause untold ecological harm and serious risk of poisoning and poisoning for humans and animals): Diflubenzuron
+ + + Pyriproxyfen
Temephos today banned in Europe because of its proven to be dangerous
Deltamethrin + + +
Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl
or biological larvicide (the only matching the effectiveness of absolute absence of risk to the environment and to humans):
+ Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (BTI, the most widely used in developed countries, more effective than synthetic chemicals and highly selective)
Bacillus sphericus
+ or + Dichloro diphenyl Adulticides
trichloroethane (DDT),
+ natural pyrethrum (coils) or
Pyrethroids:
+ tetramethrin
Esbiotrina
+ + Permethrin + Cypermethrin
Alletrina
+ + D-alletrina
Bioalletrina
+ + S + Bioalletrina
Pralletrina (also known ETOC)
+ Piperonyl butoxide (synergist of some pyrethroids)
In most developed countries, DDT has been banned since the 1970's after the discovery of its carcinogenicity and adverse effects on bird reproduction. Instead, it is still used in some countries in Africa and India to combat malaria. The reasons are related both to a different perception of risk (the long-term effects related to carcinogenicity are considered less problematic than the immediate benefits) and an economic discourse, as other products that are less toxic to humans and the environment are also much more expensive. Historically, it should be noted that DDT was one of the most effective weapons against malaria.
natural enemies
Because of their abundance of mosquitoes have many natural predators and occupy an important place in the food chain. Some of these predators have been used to combat mosquito: *
predators of juveniles: insects and fish such as Gambusia (Gambusia affinis) *
predators of adults: insectivorous birds, bats, dragonflies, amphibians
Much of modern combat mosquito does not depend on hazardous synthetic chemical pesticides but uses organic products and techniques based on the introduction of fish that eat the larvae or microorganisms that infect.
mosquito
Puncture di una zanzara
Lotta moderna in Italia
Un grande aiuto potrebbe giungere dall'adozione di misure e leggi finalizzate alla salvaguardia degli habitat dei predatori naturali come le libellule, ad esempio, che si cibano sia delle larve di zanzara che degli individui adulti, specialmente dove la presenza di zanzare è dovuta a fattori naturali.
Dove invece la proliferazione di zanzare è causata dall'uomo, come accade nella pianura padana dove i molesti ditteri abbondano a causa dei ripetuti svuotamenti e allagamenti delle risaie, peraltro ingiustificati alla luce delle moderne tecniche agronomiche, nessun tipo di lotta può avere pieno successo senza un intervento legislativo serio e severo non solo atto alla prescrizione delle corrette pratiche agricole ma soprattutto all'effettivo controllo della loro applicazione in campo. Tale normativa attualmente in fase di studio dovrà, come minimo, subordinare l'ottenimento di qualsiasi contributo economico da parte delle aziende agricole al rispetto delle prescrizioni, per arrivare a sanzioni economiche che siano almeno sufficienti alla copertura del costo degli interventi di disinfestazione sulle risaie delle aziende inadempienti.
In attesa di questi passaggi politici, molte Amministrazioni si sono attivate per promuovere azioni di lotta integrata. Il più grande piano di controllo alle zanzare messo in campo in Italia è quello diretto dal centro operativo di Casale Monferrato. Ogni anno vengono monitorati e trattati quasi 100.000 ettari di territorio, di cui 23.000 di risaie. Il piano di lotta impiega 7 elicotteri, 8 squadre da terra, oltre 50 tecnici di campo e migliaia di litri di prodotti insetticidi, principalmente a base di Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.
Sperimentazione in Italia
Dal 20 giugno 2006, il comune di Rimini e dal 22 giugno 2006 il comune di Treviso hanno cominciato la sperimentazione di Mosquito Stopper un dispositivo posto in commercio che impedisce alle zanzare adulte di usare il sistema fognario per deporre le proprie larve sottraendo così agli insetti luoghi adatti alla proliferazione. Il dispositivo consiste in una zanzariera basculante da applicare alle comuni caditoie del sewerage system that allows the flow of water and debris, also has a release system that allows regurgitation of the drainage system does not change then the normal operation of the network. Compared to treatment over time this approach has the advantage of being applied once.
The City of Fiesole in 2006 launched an experiment to control the number of adults through promoting the establishment of bats using bat-boxes, ie batteries suitable shelters for bats hanging from the eaves of citizens participating. [1]
The Province of Novara in 2005, has experienced a specific solution to the rice fields: as usual, involves the use of complete drainage paddy at some stage of the crop, creating a real trap for tadpoles and fish, has left a furrow in the trial flooded to allow the predatory species of mosquito to take refuge in a friendly atmosphere. The experimental rice fields in Novara in July and August 2005 have hosted a number of mosquito larvae is 44% lower, while the tracks left flooded by 77%, showing that the gap flooded does not act as a reservoir for mosquito larvae addition, the province has taken steps to writing material in respect of dragonflies, and predatory larvae and adults, with intent to distribute in schools and citizenship throughout.
0 comments:
Post a Comment